Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
E-mail: waldroup@uark.edu
Abstract:
The use of computerized mathematical growth models to estimate accurate and profitable dietary amino acid needs for broilers is a promising alternative to use of fixed requirements. Estimation of crude protein needs by the OmniPro® II growth model is higher than minimum CP levels known to support maximum broiler performance. In this experiment, male broilers were fed either a series of diets formulated using OmniPro® estimations for total amino acids and CP, or a series of diets formulated to provide from 90 to 105% of amino acids estimations made by OmniPro without a CP minimum. Results indicated that diets formulated based on OmniPro total amino acid estimations, with or without minimum crude protein constraints, supported the best live performance and carcass traits.
Key words: Growth models, amino acid requirements, low crude protein
International Journal of Poultry Science 2 (3): 178-182, 2003
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2003
1Al-Baath University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hama, Syria
Abstract:
A study was conducted in which whole unextracted soybeans were processed by passing the beans through a roller mill and then extruding without steam. The processed beans were then included into nutritionally adequate broiler diets, replacing solvent extracted soybean meal in ratios of 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, and 0/100 % with dietary energy levels of 3200, 3300, and 3400 ME kcal/kg. This resulted in a 3 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each treatment was fed to six replicate pens of 60 male chicks of a commercial broiler strain from 1 to 42 days of age. The results of the study demonstrate that the inclusion of extruded fullfat soybean in a pelleted broiler diet supported chick performance equal or superior to that of dehulled solvent extracted soybean meal, and that extruded soybeans could partially or completely replace soybean meal without any adverse effects on body weight, feed conversion, mortality, dressing percentage, or abdominal fat content provided the diets are nutritionally balanced.
Key words: Soybeans, broilers, unextracted soybeans
International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (1-3): 09-12, 2002
Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701 USA
Abstract:
Protein supplements produced by rendering of whole hens at the end of their production cycle (spent hen meal) was used to provide a portion of the diets of laying hens in an 84 d feeding trial. Diets were formulated to provide 0, 5, 10, or 15% spent hen meal (SHM) from three different locations using conventional rendering procedures. The diets were formulated to provide digestible amino acids at a minimum of 95% of recommended (NRC, 1994) total amino acids for laying hens consuming 100 g of feed per day. Results of the study indicate that nutritionally valuable high-protein meals can be produced from whole spent hens using conventional rendering procedures. Such meals may be safely used at levels up to 10% in diets for laying hens provided good analytical procedures are followed to determine nutritional content. Due to the high level of residual fat and the highly unsaturated nature of this fat, it will be necessary to insure that adequate amounts of a suitable antioxidant is used during manufacturing to prevent rancidity development.
Key Words: Protein supplements, rendered hen meal, laying hens, spent hens
International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (4): 82-84, 2002
Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
Abstract:
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of balance among the branched-chain amino acids Leu, Ile, and Val in broiler diets when levels of these amino acids were deemed adequate. High levels of Leu were obtained by either increasing the quantity of corn gluten meal (disproportionately high in Leu relative to Ile and Val) or by supplementing a corn-soybean meal diet with crystalline Leu. Supplements of Ile and Val were added to aliquots of the high Leu diets to maintain Ile:Leu:Val ratios similar to those observed in diets at the lowest level of Leu. Live performance and organ weights of chicks grown to 21 d on these diets were evaluated. The results of the present studies suggest that an antagonism among or between Leu, Ile, and Val is not likely to result in depressed performance of broilers fed practical type diets when levels of these amino acids are above their minimum requirements. The primary effect noted in these studies was a reduction in feed intake as the level of corn gluten meal increased, attributed primarily to changes in texture of the diet. Further research is needed to evaluate the potential impact of an imbalance in diets with reduced levels of crude protein where one or more of the branched-chain amino acids may be at minimal dietary levels with high levels of Leu from corn protein.
Key words: Broilers, amino acids, branched chain amino acids, antagonism
International Journal of Poultry Science 1(5): 136-144, 2002
Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
Abstract:
Two studies were conducted in environmental chambers to evaluate different dietary modifications on the incidence or severity of ascites, leg disorders, and sudden death syndrome in males of two commercial broiler strains and their reciprocal crosses. A high energy-high nutrient density diet (HE) series served as the positive control. Two other diet series consisted of a high fiber (HF) diet fed 7 to 21 days of age, followed by the HE series, and a low energy-low nutrient density diet during the early growth phase, as suggested by a major breeder. All diets were pelleted. In one study, a low ventilation model was used while in the second study a low temperature model was used. However, due to limitations of the system we were unable to attain the desired low temperatures. In both studies,
however, atmospheric levels of CO2 and ammonia were greatly elevated. There were no differences in incidence or severity of ascites, leg disorders, or sudden death syndrome among broilers fed the different dietary regimes to 49 days of age. Broilers fed diets designed to reduce early growth rate were significantly lighter than those fed the HE diets at 21 days of age. At 49 days of age body weights were not always significantly different but quantitative weight differences were equal or greater than those observed at 21 days of age. It is possible that under environmental conditions more favorable to the development of ascites that dietary modification may prove beneficial.
In these studies, however, live performance was reduced by the dietary modifications with no beneficial effects on reduction of ascites.
Key words: Broilers, ascites, sudden death syndrome, leg weakness, diet
International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (5): 150-157, 2002
Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
Abstract:
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of combinations of antibiotics, mannan oligosaccharides, and organic forms of copper in the diet of broilers. Male broilers in litter floor pens were fed nutritionally complete diets with a 2 x 2 x 3 arrangement of treatments including two antibiotic programs (none; 55 mg/kg bacitracin methylene disalicylate from 0 to 42 d followed by 16.5 mg/kg virginiamycin to 63 d), two levels of mannan oligosaccharide (none; 1 g/kg Bio-Mos® from 0 to 42 d followed by 0.75 g/kg to 63 d) and three copper programs (none; copper sulfate to provide 250 mg/kg from 0 to 42 d followed by 62.5 mg/kg to 63 d; Bioplex® Cu to provide 55 mg/kg from 0 to 42 d followed by 27.5 mg/kg to 63 d). This resulted in a total of 12 experimental treatments, each fed to eight pens of 50 male chicks. Birds and feed were weighed at intervals during the study and samples of birds processed at 63 d to determine dressing percentage and parts yield. Body weight and feed conversion at 21 d was significantly improved by addition of the antibiotics but did not prove to be significantly improved at later ages. Addition of copper from either copper sulfate or Bioplex® Cu had no significant effect on any parameter tested. Addition of Bio-Mos® at the levels tested had no significant effect on any parameter but did interact with some of the other factors. Carcass characteristics were not improved by any of the factors tested. It is possible that the level of Bio-Mos® used in this study was not sufficient to elicit a positive response.
Key words:Copper, mannan oligosaccharides, antibiotics, broilers
International Journal of Poultry Science 2 (1): 44-52, 2003
Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
Abstract:
A study was conducted to evaluate the use of Bio-Mos®, a mannan oligosaccharide derived from the cell wall of yeast, as a potential replacement for growth promoting antibiotics in the diet of growing turkeys. Bio-Mos® was added to nutritionally complete turkey diets at the rate of 0.05 and 0.10%. The growth-promoting antibiotics bambermycins and bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD) were added at 2.2 and 55 mg/kg, respectively. One group was fed the diet with no supplements and served as the negative control. Male turkeys of a commercial Large White strain were fed the test diets from day old to 20 wk of age. Birds were weighed at intervals through the trial and samples of birds processed at 20 wk for parts yield and determination of intestinal breaking strength. Body weight, mortality, breast meat yield, and intestinal breaking strength were not significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by dietary treatments. Feed conversion from 0 to 20 wk of age was significantly improved by both BMD and 0.10% Bio-Mos®. The addition of BMD significantly reduced the percentage of abdominal fat in the carcass. These results suggest that Bio-Mos® might be considered as a part of an overall feeding and management program to aid in overcoming potential loss of growth-promoting antibiotics.
Key words: Mannan oligosaccharide, Bio-Mos®, antibiotics, turkeys
International Journal of Poultry Science 2 (1): 19-22, 2003
Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AR 72701, USA
Abstract:
A study was conducted to evaluate the response of broilers to diets containing a mannan oligosaccharide, antibiotics, or a combination of antibiotics and mannan oligosaccharide. All diets were supplemented with copper sulfate to provide 250 mg/kg Cu in diets fed to 42 d and 62.5 mg/kg Cu in diets from 42 to 56 d, in addition to the 10 mg/kg provided in the trace mineral mix. Bio-Mos®, a mannan oligosaccharide derived from the cell wall of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was added at 1 g/kg in diets fed to 42 d and at 0.75 g/kg in diets fed 42 to 56 d. The antibiotic program consisted of 55 mg/kg of bacitracin methylene disalicylate to 42 d of age followed by 16.5 mg/kg virginiamycin to 56 d of age. When the Bio-Mos® and antibiotics were fed in combination, half the levels indicated above were fed. Twelve pens of 50 male broilers were fed each of the dietary treatments. Results of the study indicate that body weight of broilers was not significantly influenced by the antibiotic treatment, addition of Bio-Mos®, or the combination of antibiotics and Bio-Mos®. Feed conversion at 42 d was significantly improved by both the antibiotic treatment and by the addition of Bio-Mos®. At 56 d the feed conversion of birds fed the antibiotics or the combination of antibiotics and Bio-Mos® was improved compared to that of birds fed the negative control (P = 0.10). No significant effects on mortality, dressing percentage, or parts yield were observed. Possible interference of copper sulfate with the activity of the antibiotics and Bio-Mos® is discussed.
Key words: Mannan oligosaccharide, broilers, antibiotics, copper sulfate, growth promotion
International Journal of Poultry Science 2 (1): 28-31, 2003
Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
Abstract:
Estimation of amino acid requirements is a complex problem where many factors such as experimental conditions, genetic strain, gender, growth rate, protein quality and level of other dietary nutrients may interfere with the response. Due to the difficulties of using empirical research to resolve these problems, several mathematical growth models have been developed which could be useful for this purpose. Among the models proposed, the OmniPro® II growth model was chosen to evaluate its accuracy to estimate protein and amino acid requirements for broilers under a commercial feeding program. Diets formulated based on levels of protein and amino acids estimated by OmniPro® II were compared with diets based on NRC (1994) recommendations. Significant differences between sexes were observed for all variables evaluated. Broilers fed diets formulated with 100% of OmniPro® II estimations had BW that was similar to those fed diets based on NRC or 110% OmniPro, and were significantly heavier than those fed the 90% OmniPro diets. The feed conversion of male broilers fed diets based on OmniPro recommendations was significantly better than that of chicks fed diets based on NRC recommendations. Females fed with diets according to OmniPro or NRC had the highest dressing percentage, and differed only from those fed the 90% OmniPro diets. These data suggest that nutrient estimations generated by the OmniPro® II support performance equal to or better than that of broilers fed diets based on NRC nutrient recommendations.
Key words: Growth models, amino acid, requirements, live performance, carcass traits
International Journal of Poultry Science 1 (5): 119-126, 2002
1Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762-9665; and 2 Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344
Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Feed Manufacturers
SUMMARY
A concern of nutritionists and live production personnel is to improve early flock livability and growth rate of broilers. Improvements in progeny performance through trace metal supplementation in the hen's diet may be a method to accomplish this. The focus of this experiment was to evaluate live performance and carcass parameters of progeny from broiler breeders fed diets containing different levels and forms of Zn and Mn. Cobb 500 breeders received a control diet or diets containing supplemental Zn and Mn from inorganic sources, amino acid complexes, or a combination of the two. Body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, livability, percentage carcass without giblets, percentage abdominal fat, and percentage breast meat were measured on the progeny of 37-wk-old breeders. Feeding broiler breeders supplemental Zn and Mn from amino acid complexes improved livability of progeny without affecting growth or carcass characteristics. In conclusion, future research should address progeny carryover of Zn and Mn to improve livability during stress or disease conditions.
Key words: progeny, broiler breeder, zinc, manganese, livability
2003 Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12:411-416
Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University,
MS 39762-9665, USA
Abstract:
Two studies were conducted to evaluate Arg responses in broilers. The first study evaluated the Arg need of the female broiler for the period between 21 and 35 days of age. A control diet resembling industry guidelines contained (1.35% Arg). The test diet was formulated to contain 0.95% dietary Arg. Progressive increments of 0.10% Arg at the expense of a filler created the different experimental treatments. No significant trends were observed for the variables analyzed. All dose-response treatments did not differ from the control diet. Based on the lack of response from the first study, a second study was designed to focus on Arg responses at an earlier age (0-18 days). Progressive increments of 0.12% Arg at the expense of a filler created the different experimental treatments. Males optimized body weight gain at 1.15% dietary Arg, while feed conversion required more Arg for optimization (1.28%). Mortality was not influenced by dietary Arg. Data indicated that the chick has considerably acute need for dietary Arg at an earlier age possibly associated with immune system development and early microbial challenges.
Key words: Amino acids, arginine, live performance
International Journal of Poultry Science 2 (6): 379-382, 2003
1Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, MS 39762-9665, USA
2Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS 39762-6100, USA
Abstract:
Proteomics is the study of the entire protein compliment of an organism. The blood plasma is the only tissue in which an organism's entire proteome may be potentially represented. First results toward mapping the broiler plasma proteome are presented here. Blood was taken from eight 18 day-old representative commercial broiler chickens. Plasma was isolated from each sample and pooled. For initial sample fractioning a 0.4 µl aliquot of the pooled plasma was run on one dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Based on relative amounts of protein, the gel was divided into three fractions. The proteins were in-gel digested with trypsin. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography in-line with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was then used for "shot-gun" qualitative plasma proteomics. The resulting tandem mass spectra were then searched against the non-redundant chicken protein database. Generally accepted high stringency statistical criteria for protein identification were used. Eighty-four chicken proteins were identified. Our work demonstrates the future potential for plasma proteomics for identifying biomarkers of disease and production in chickens.
Key words: Blood plasma, broiler, electrospray ionization, mass spectrometry, proteomics
International Journal of Poultry Science 3 (3): 157-162, 2004
1Poultry Science Department, The University of Georgia, Tifton, Georgia 31793; 2 Poultry Science Department, Auburn University and Alabama Agricultural Research Station, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5416; and 3Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Box 9665 Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762-9665
Primary Audience: Nutritionists and Researchers
SUMMARY
Initial crystallization of L-threonine from its fermentation broth of origin reduces concentration to form a by-product liquid that could also serve as a feed supplement. Present experimentation compared responses of male broilers from 1 to 21 d of age when fed L-threonine supplied by a feed grade (98.5%) crystalline source and
an 8% by-product fermentation liquid. A corn-peanut basal diet (0.59% threonine, 23% CP, and 3.20 kcal ME/g) was progressively supplemented with increasing amounts of crystalline and liquid sources of threonine to construct additional experimental diets having totals of 0.66, 0.73, and 0.80%. N balance and AME were measured from excreta collections from d 19 to 21. Slope-ratio assays indicated that both threonine sources were equivalent in terms of BW, feed conversion, and N retention. Birds consuming feeds supplemented with 8% threonine by-product broth had greater feed consumption and BW compared with birds receiving the crystalline form; feed conversion, N retention, and AMEn indicated similar utilization for each source. Progressively increasing concentrations with both threonine sources led to a linear improvement in feed conversion for the entire period, which paralleled the linear increases in N retention and AME observed at the end.
Key words: amino acid, broiler, metabolizable energy, nitrogen retention, threonine
2003 Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12:299-305
1Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762-9665;2 United States Department of Agriculture,
Agriculture Research Service, South Central Poultry Research Center, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762-9665; and 3Degussa Corporation, Kennesaw,
Georgia 30144-3694
Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Feed Manufacturers
SUMMARY
Better environmentally controlled broiler houses have resulted in many integrated broiler operations using the same dietary feed formulations in winter and summer months due to only minor differences in environmental temperature in the broiler house. Much research has addressed broiler nutrient needs in thermoneutral vs. hot temperature conditions, but research evaluating nutrient needs of broilers during moderate temperature conditions (tunnel-ventilated houses during summer months) is lacking. This study evaluates the impact of increasing dietary Lys and other essential amino acids, and the addition of dietary sodium bicarbonate in high and moderate temperature conditions. Experiment 1 was conducted in batteries and evaluated broiler nutritional responses (d 20 to 40) in hot-cyclic temperature conditions (26 to 34°C). Experiment 2 was conducted in floor pens and evaluated broiler nutritional responses (d 37 to 49) in environmental temperature ranges that mimic a tunnel-ventilated broiler house during summer months (26 to 31°C). In both experiments, dietary treatments had minimal impact on live performance and breast meat yield. Lower mortality (P < 0.06), however, was observed in broilers fed the low CP diet in the hot temperature environment.
Key words: broiler, environmental temperature, lysine, amino acid, breast yield
2003 Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12:321-327
1Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762-9665; 2 University of Georgia, Rural Development
Center, Tifton, Georgia 31793; 3United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, South Central Poultry Research Center,
Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762; and 4Cobb-Vantress, Siloam Springs, Arkansas 72761
Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Feed Manufacturers
SUMMARY
Underfeeding the amino acid Thr may result in suboptimal growth and carcass development, and overfeeding my result in increased diet cost. Adequate knowledge of Thr may be more important in finishing broilers due to increased feed consumption and increased maintenance needs. However, published reports on Thr in the finishing period (d 42 to 56) are few, and recommended requirement estimates vary from 0.60 to 0.75% total Thr. This study was conducted to better understand Thr needs during the 42-to-56-d period in broilers reared in different environmental conditions. Live performance and carcass responses of Cobb male broilers as affected by graduations of Thr were evaluated in clean or dirty floor pen environments. Quadratic responses for live performance and breast meat weight were generated for birds reared in the clean environment and ranged from 0.63 to 0.68% total Thr (0.56 to 0.61% digestible Thr). In contrast, birds reared in the dirty environment responded to Thr in a positive linear manner for live performance and carcass traits. One explanation for birds responding to higher levels of Thr in the dirty environment might have been an increased Thr need for gastrointestinal function.
Key words: broiler, environment, threonine, amino acid, breast yield
2003 Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12:115-123
1Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762; and 2 College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Feed Manufacturers
SUMMARY
The production function of interest (e.g., feed cost/unit of body weight or feed cost/unit of meat) typically dictates nutrient levels of amino acids in broiler diets. Hence, broiler companies maximizing saleable white meat may have higher nutrient minimums for the most limiting amino acids than companies focusing on live body
weight. Knowledge of gastrointestinal development and function, as affected by dietary amino acids, is increasing, but this knowledge is typically not considered when setting amino acid minimums in least-cost formulation. Because the gastrointestinal tract has been shown to have a high metabolic need for Thr, two experiments were conducted to determine if growth responses of broilers to dietary Thr are affected by Eimeria acervulina infection. In both experiments, Ross Ă—Ross 308 male broiler chicks received diets containing 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8% total dietary Thr with and without E. acervulina infection. Positive and negative main effect growth responses occurred for increasing dietary Thr and administration of E. acervulina innoculum, respectively. Treatment interactions, however, did not
occur. These results indicate that broiler chick Thr needs are not increased by a mild E. acervulina infection.
Key words: broiler, threonine, amino acid, Eimeria acervulina, coccidiosis
2003 Journal of Applied Poultry Research 12:124-129
ADepartment of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762,
BDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762,
CUSDA-ARS, South Central Poultry Research Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS 39762,
DExperimental Statistics Unit, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, and
ECollege of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
SUMMARY
A clinical study was conducted on commercial layers housed in biological isolation units, within which exogenous stress factors potentially affecting bird performance were minimized. This set-up was devised in order to assess how a pre-lay inoculation of S6 strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum affects the leukocytic properties of laying chickens. Previous studies have demonstrated relative decreases in lymphocyte and relative increases in heterophil percentages in birds infected with other strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. However, current results showed that the differential percentages of lymphocytes were decreased, whereas those of heterophils were increased, in both sham-inoculated control birds and birds inoculated with S6 Mycoplasma gallisepticum between 19 and 26 wk of age. This study clearly shows that a pre-lay inoculation of S6 Mycoplasma gallisepticum alone had no apparent effect on the leukocyte profile of commercial layers housed in biological isolation units.
Key words: heterophils, leukocytes, lymphocytes, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, S6
2004 Avian Diseases: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 196–201.
ADepartment of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762,
BCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, and
CExperimental Statistics Unit, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
Abstract
Increased mortality during the first wk of brooding is typical in broiler offspring from young breeder hens. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the age-dependent changes in various physiological parameters of broiler chicks from young breeder parents (29 wk of age) through the early stages of brooding (72 h), and to identify those parameters which might be most predictive of future performance. In an effort to simulate procedures in the poultry industry, chicks were subjected to a 12-h delay in brooding placement after hatch in a broiler hatchery. In association with growth through 72 h post-hatch, chick relative liver weight (RLW) and liver glycogen content (LGLY) peaked at 72 and 48 h, respectively, and chick rectal temperature (RT) was greater between 24 and 72 h compared to that at both 0 and 6 h. Furthermore, plasma refractive index (RI) was greatest at 24 h and RI at 48 h was greater than that at 6 h. At hatch (0 h), RI was negatively correlated with BW but was positively correlated with RT, and RLW at hatch was positively correlated with hematocrit (HCT) at 6 h. Also, plasma glucose (GLU) at hatch and RT at 6 h were positively correlated. Between 24 and 72 h, BW was positively correlated with RLW and RT, and was negatively correlated with HCT and RI. There was a negative correlation between HCT and RI, but HCT was positively correlated with body fat loss score (BFLS) and RI. Also, between 24 and 72 h, chick RT was negatively correlated with BFLS and RI, and LGLY and GLU were positively correlated. These data demonstrate a close association between metabolic rate and growth in these post-hatch chicks, and while they experienced increases in BW and RT through 72 h, dehydration, as indicated by increased RI at 24 h, may have retarded growth. Plasma refractive index was the only blood parameter that changed significantly over time, fluctuated oppositely to that of BW between 24 and 72 h, and increased significantly between 6 and 24 h when chicks failed to gain BW. These associated changes with time and the maintenance of consistent negative correlations between RI and BW at hatch and between 24 and 72 h post-hatch indicate that RI may be a sensitive, practical, and reliable indicator of the physiological response of a post-hatch chick to common brooding management and would, therefore, be a useful indicator of future performance.
Key words: Broiler, brooding, chick, glucose, liver glycogen, refractive index
International Journal of Poultry Science 3 (9): 578-585, 2004
*College of Veterinary Medicine, †Poultry Science Department, and ‡Experimental Statistics Unit, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
SUMMARY
A field study on broiler hatching efficiency was conducted over several years to document incidences of embryonic anomalies, in terms of their relative association with embryonic losses, for multiple broiler production complexes in Mississippi. Between July and November 1998, the overall percentage of anomalies across seven complexes in Mississippi alone was 0.64%. Similarly, prior to 1998, an average of 0.39% anomalies were observed from the compiled records of 24 broiler complexes in 9 major broiler-producing US states, including Mississippi. Between April and October 1999, the overall percentage of anomalies in the same 7 Mississippi complexes that were examined in 1998 increased by 176% from 0.64 to 1.77%, and these were noted to have occurred within a larger proportion of late incubational embryonic losses. This increased incidence of embryonic anomalies in Mississippi has been documented to persist through 2001. Major changes in the choice of male and female broiler breeder lines purchased by these Mississippi complexes had occurred prior to the increase in anomalies. Therefore, various management and environmental factors, as well as genetics, should be considered as influences behind this increase.
Key words: anomaly, broiler, embryo, hatchability, hatching efficiency, Mississippi
2004 Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13:481-487
1Poultry Science Department, Box 9665, 2 College of Veterinary Medicine, Box 9825, and 3Experimental Statistics Unit, Box 9653, Mississippi State
University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to establish relationships among various physiological parameters in early (through 72 h posthatch) nutrient restricted
broiler chicks from young breeder hens. Despite a 19% decrease in mean BW between 0 and 72 h posthatch, there were no chick mortalities. Liver glycogen
peaked at 24 h, and peaks in rectal temperature, plasma glucose, and plasma refractive index occurred at 48 h. By 24 h, negative correlations were noted between
BW and relative liver weight and between liver glycogen and both refractive index and rectal temperature. By 24 h, positive correlations were noted between relative
liver weight and liver glycogen, BW and plasma glucose, rectal temperature and plasma glucose, and rectal temperature and body fat loss score. Mean daily relative
egg weight loss between 0 and 19 d of incubation (RIEWL) was positively correlated with rectal temperature at 0 h but was negatively correlated with rectal
temperature at 24 h and liver glycogen at 24 and 48 h. Furthermore, mean relative hatching chick weight (RHCW) had significantly positive correlations with plasma
glucose at 6 h and rectal temperature at 48 and 72 h. Broilers having a greater RHCW after hatching from eggs with a lower RIEWL may maintain higher metabolic
rates between 24 and 72 h posthatch despite nutrient deprivation. However, broiler chicks from eggs exhibiting a higher than optimal RIEWL may have greater
dependence on gluconeogenesis, thus requiring stricter management during initial brooding.
(Key Words: broiler chick weight, egg weight loss during incubation, liver glycogen, nutrient restriction, plasma glucose)
2005 Poultry Science 84:454-461
©2005 by the Poultry Science Association. All rights reserved.
Poultry Science Department, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
ABSTRACT Previous research has shown that the sperm quality index (SQI) is positively correlated with semen characteristics as well as fertility when broiler breeder semen is diluted 10-fold prior to analysis. However, research has not been conducted to establish if semen dilution rate affects the ability of the SQI to predict fertility when inseminating a constant number of sperm or a constant volume of semen. As a result, 3 experiments were undertaken. The objective of the first study was to determine if diluent, minimum essential media, or 0.85% saline affects the SQI. The second objective was to identify potential semen dilution rates for the SQI by obtaining the range in live sperm concentrations to which the SQI is most sensitive. The purpose of experiment 3 was to determine which semen dilution rate, 10-, 25-, 50-, 75-fold, or a constant concentration of 180 × 106 sperm/mL, yields an SQI that is most predictive of fertility. Once a week for 3 wk, 20 hens were individually inseminated with either 20 µL of 4-fold diluted semen or a constant 45 × 106 sperm from each of 29 broiler breeder males. To determine which semen dilution rate yielded an SQI that was most predictive of fertility, Pearson's correlation coefficients were obtained between the SQI at each dilution rate and fertility. There was no difference in the SQI due to diluent. Sperm quality index values declined logarithmically as live sperm concentration decreased. The SQI was most sensitive to live sperm concentrations from 11 to 232 × 106 sperm/mL. The SQI for semen diluted 10-fold was the best predictor of fertility when inseminating with a constant volume of 4-fold diluted semen (r = 0.71). When hens were inseminated with a constant 45 × 106 sperm/hen, the SQI for semen diluted 10- and 25-fold as well as to a constant concentration of 180 × 106 sperm/mL was equally effective at predicting fertility (r = 0.59, 0.52, and 0.61, respectively). Apparently, the SQI is predictive of fertility when semen samples are diluted 10-fold prior to analysis regardless of insemination method used. Dilution beyond 10-fold appears to alter semen quality, rendering the SQI less accurate.
(Key Words: artificial insemination, broiler breeders, fertility, sperm quality index)
2003 Poultry Science 82:1808-1815
© 2003 by the Poultry Science Association. All rights reserved.
1Department of Poultry Science, and 2United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, South Central Poultry Research Center, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762; and 3Aviagen Incorporated, Huntsville, Alabama 35805
Primary Audience: Nutritionists, Researchers, Feed Manufacturers
SUMMARY
It has been a tendency for broiler integrators in the US to reduce dietary nutrient density to lower overall input costs of broiler production. Dietary nutrient density is routinely scrutinized because feed represents over half of the live production costs. Numerous nutritionists and researchers from the supplier side of poultry production are arguing that the reduced dietary nutrient density regimen currently employed by some integrators is not an effective means of increasing profitability, especially when producing large, high-yield broilers for markets geared toward saleable white meat. This research evaluates nutrient density in various phases throughout life in Ross 508 male and female broilers to better understand the impact of reduced dietary nutrient density, mimicking the reduced dietary cost scenarios used by some broiler integrators.
Diets were provided to broilers in 4 phases from 1 to 14, 15 to 28, 29 to 35, and 36 to 49 d of age, in which treatments of high (H), medium (M), and low (L) amino acid densities were used. The combinations of nutrient density and feeding phases resulted in treatments of 1) HHHH, 2) HHML, 3) HHLL, 4) HMML, 5) HMLL, 6) HLLL, 7) MMMM, and 8) LLLL. Male broilers were more sensitive to amino acid density reductions than females. Reduction of nutrient density in the early feeds was detrimental for most parameters tested. High nutrient density throughout life (HHHH) optimized breast meat yield, whereas reductions in nutrient density reduced growth and breast meat yield and increased corrected feed conversion and leaf fat.
Integrators feeding slow-maturing, high-yield broilers with low and moderate nutrient dense diets may produce broilers with suboptimal growth and breast meat yield, although moderate diets may result in good feed conversion. Key words: broiler, nutrient density, protein, amino acid, breast yield
2004 Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13:593-604
Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762-9665
ABSTRACT
Research has shown that trace elements, such as Se, Mn, and Zn, can alter reproductive functions. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the sperm quality index (SQI) and sperm viability as affected by various levels and sources of Se, Mn, and Zn when added in vitro to broiler breeder semen. In vitro treatments consisted of the following sources and levels of minerals: Control, no minerals added to sperm; seleno L-methionine, 4 levels ranging from 8.78 to 7,896 µg/L; sodium selenite, 4 levels ranging from 8.78 to 7,896 µg/L; MnSO4, 8 levels ranging from 6,500 to 65,000 mg/L; Zn 180 (Zinpro Corporation), 4 levels ranging from 0.65 to 650 mg/L; and ZnSO4, 4 levels ranging from 0.65 to 650 mg/L. The addition of 7,896 µg of sodium selenite/L to semen was detrimental to sperm motility. Also, MnSO4 adversely affected SQI and sperm viability at concentrations of 6,500 mg/L and greater. Sperm viability was decreased when 650 mg/L of Zn 180 was added to semen. Sperm motility was depressed by exposure to Zn 180 at 650 mg/L and ZnSO4 at 65 and 650 mg/L. Our results suggest that these trace minerals must act at the reproductive tissue level during spermatogenesis to improve semen quality. Direct in vitro application of these elements to semen appears to be detrimental to spermatozoa.
(Key Words: broiler breeder, trace minerals, sperm motility, sperm viability)
2005 Poultry Science 84:100-105
© 2005 by the Poultry Science Association. All rights reserved.
Abstract
Previous research regarding the effect of heat stress on broiler breeders is very limited. The objective of the present study was to determine the amount of ascorbic acid in the broiler breeders' diet that will improve reproductive performance of males that are exposed to continuous heat stress. One hundred forty-four Ross males (18 weeks old) were divided equally among six temperature controlled rooms. Three rooms were used for heat treatment and three rooms served as controls (21oC). The temperature in the heat treatment rooms was increased in two four-week phases followed by a final three week recovery phase with the temperatures for each period being 29 (mild stress), 32 (severe stress), and 21oC, respectively. The roosters in each room were equally divided among four dietary treatments consisting of 0, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm of ascorbic acid. Heat stress significantl/y decreased sperm quality index, sperm viability, and fertility. The percentage of dead sperm rose significantly during both the mild and severe heat phases and dropped immediately upon initiation of the recovery phase. Sperm motility decreased linearly with increasing ambient temperature but rebounded upon the removal of heat stress. The rate of fertilization was decreased as a result of heat stress. Dietary ascorbic acid did not improve any of the semen characteristics of control or heat stressed birds. Administration of 500 and 1000 ppm of dietary ascorbic acid resulted in a depression of fertility over each day postinsemination when the males were heat stressed. In conclusion, dietary ascorbic acid at the levels used in the present study did not improve the reproductive performance of broiler breeder males under normal or heat stress conditions.
International Journal of Poultry Science 3 (9): 593-602, 2004
Abstract
An attempt was made at improving fertility of male broiler breeders exposed to elevated ambient temperatures. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) is a potent antipyretic drug that has been shown to lower the body temperature of heat stressed chickens. Because deviation in body temperature above normal is negatively correlated with fertility, the objective of the present study was to determine if ASA would lower rectal temperature of heat stressed male broiler breeders and improve fertility. Thirty six Arbor Acres roosters were divided equally among three controlled temperature rooms and caged individually. Half of the males in each room were fed .15% ASA, while the other half of the birds received the control (C) diet. Males were fed the C and ASA diets beginning 1 wk prior to heat stress treatment. After this pretreatment period, the temperature in all three controlled temperature rooms was increased to 29oC. Following one wk at 29oC, room temperature was increased further to 32oC for 3 wk. Once every wk of the experiment, 120 hens were inseminated with 50 million sperm from either ASA or C fed males. Dietary ASA did not lower the body temperature of the heat stressed roosters. Males fed ASA consumed less feed than males fed the C diet. In general, semen characteristics, such as semen volume, sperm concentration, and percentage of dead sperm produced, were unaffected by dietary treatment. However, addition of ASA to the heat stressed male's diet resulted in a linear decrease in fertility over Weeks 2 through 4 of the experiment and a greater reduction in fertility over days postinsemination than that obtained for males receiving the C diet. In vivo sperm-egg penetration was similar whether hens were inseminated with semen from C or ASA fed males. In conclusion, .15% ASA in the male's diet does not decrease body temperature when roosters are exposed to elevated ambient temperatures. In addition, 0.15% dietary ASA appears to be detrimental to fertility of heat stressed broiler breeder males.
International Journal of Poultry Science 3 (9): 570-577, 2004
Abstract
The sperm quality index (SQI) can accurately predict overall semen quality and fertility when broiler breeder semen is diluted, at most, 10-fold prior to analysis. The objective of the present study was to determine if a lower semen dilution rate yields an SQI that is an even better predictor of semen quality and fertility when hens are inseminated with a constant volume of semen. Individual ejaculates from 28 males were analyzed for sperm concentration, viability, and the SQI prior to insemination into 15 hens/male. Semen was diluted 2-, 4-, 8-, 10-, and 25-fold prior to analysis for the SQI. The SQI from 25-, 10-, and 8-fold dilutions produced the strongest correlations with total sperm concentration (r = 0.85, 0.82, and 0.80, respectively). Correlation coefficients for live sperm concentration were highest for the SQI from 25-, 10-, 8-, and 4-fold dilutions (r = 0.86, 0.86, 0.83, and 0.73, respectively). Correlation coefficients were similar for the SQI with fertility from the 4-, 8-, and 10-fold dilutions (r = 0.75, 0.72, and 0.72, respectively). It appears that an 8- to 10-fold SQI dilution is the most consistent at predicting fertility and semen quality.
International Journal of Poultry Science 3 (9): 588-592, 2004
Abstract:
1. Ross 308 broiler breeder hens were given diets containing 0 or 25?mg L-carnitine/kg from 21 weeks of age. 2. Hens were inseminated with semen from Ross broiler breeder males and subsequent growth performance and carcase traits, of progeny obtained from hatches at 30, 35 and 37 weeks of age, were evaluated. 3. Progeny were hatched in a common facility and separated by gender. Experimental treatments employed for the 30-, 35- and 37-week hatches, respectively, were: hen diet and progeny gender (16 replications with two subplots); hen diet, progeny diet (0 and 50?mg L-carnitine/kg of diet) and progeny gender (16 replications with 4 subplots); and hen diet and progeny diet (high and low density; 16 replications with two subplots). 4. Females had lower growth rate and less breast meat, but greater proportions of carcase fat and breast meat than males. Growth performance measurements of progeny were not affected by hen L-carnitine, but hen L-carnitine decreased abdominal fat in progeny. Increasing diet density in the chick diets increased growth and carcase weights. Hen and progeny dietary L-carnitine interacted to increase male mortality. However, dietary hen L-carnitine decreased carcase fat and increased breast meat in progeny fed on high nutrient density diets. 5. In conclusion, L-carnitine in the diet of hens affected carcase traits of their progeny.
British Poultry Science, February 2005, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 97-103(7)
A Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Box 9665, MS 39762, USA.
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to measure the effects of dietary amino acid regimens (high, medium, low) and gender on Arbor Acres Plus broilers. Body weight, feed conversion, mortality, carcass yields, and uniformity served as criteria evaluated. Growth and feed conversion were improved in broilers fed diets with high amino acid concentration until 35 days of age. Yields of some carcass parts were improved up to 35 days of age as diet concentration was increased. Flock uniformity was decreased when dietary amino acid concentration was reduced. Male broilers exhibited faster growth rate, whereas females had improved feed conversion at 28 and 35 days of age, but no differences were observed at 14 and 49 days of age. Male broilers had lower breast meat yield and relative abdominal fat than females. Variability within females was lower than in males. Results indicate that when high dietary amino acid concentration was provided at an earlier age, reducing concentration at later feeding phases did not compromise growth or carcass yields. Furthermore, moderate to high dietary amino acid levels may help reduce variability within flocks.
Keywords: broiler, carcass composition.
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55(11) 1133–1138
aDepartment of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, bDepartment of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843, USA
cSouth Central Poultry Research Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA dExperimental Statistics Unit, Mississippi State University
Abstract
The effects of a 24-h fast on serum lipids and lipoprotein profiles in commercial laying hens were investigated. Blood was analyzed at 34 and 46 weeks of age from Single Comb White Leghorn hens that had been either fed ad libitum or had been fasted for 24 h prior to collection. At 12 weeks, birds were divided into 16 biological isolation units, with 8 replicate units assigned to each treatment group. Four birds out of 10 in each unit were tagged for bleeding. Parameters evaluated included total serum cholesterol and triglycerides, mean diameters of very low density Iipoproteins (VLDLs) for the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of serum total VLDL, mean total population VLDL particle diameter (MPD), and percentage serum cholesterol recovered in VLDL, low density lipoprotein (LDL), and high density lipoprotein (HDL) fractions. Fasting led to decreases in total serum cholesterol and triglycerides, and a decrease in mean serum VLDL particle diameter in the 90th population percentile. At Week 34, percentage serum cholesterol recovered from LDL was increased, whereas percentage serum cholesterol recovered from HDL was decreased due to fasting. At Week 46, MPD and percentage serum cholesterol recovered from VLDL were decreased, whereas percentage serum cholesterol recovered from HDL was increased due to fasting. It was concluded that a 24-h fast decreased serum lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides) and the size of VLDL particles in the 90th population percentile in commercial laying hens. Furthermore, bird age influenced the effects of a 24-h fast on MPD and the redistribution of serum cholesterol among VLDL, LDL, and HDL particles.
Keywords: Cholesterol; Fasting; HDL; Laying hens; LDL; Lipoproteins; Serum; VLDL
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 138(2004) 305-311
Objective - To assess the effects of electromagnetic (EM) field modification by use of Nufield EM field modification (NEFM) units on egg-laying hens in commercial flocks as indicated by production measures, including hen-day mortality rate (HDMR) and eggs per hen housed (EHH).
Animals - l6 commercial flocks of egg-laying hens.
Procedure - 5 caged commercial table egg layer flocks (Single Comb White Leghorns) successively housed at the same location during a 6-year period were exposed to NEFM. There were 7 hens/cage (317 cm2 of floor space/bird). At the same site, 11 concurrent non-NEFM-exposed flocks (4 genetically different strains) were sequentially housed. AII 16 flocks underwent the same feed and management practices. For each NEFM- and non-NEFM-exposed flock, HDMR and EHH were compared with their respective national breeder goals (BG), defined as the reasonable genetic potential expressed under optimal management and environmental conditions. Furthermore, the HDMRS and EHHS of the NEFM- and non-NEFM- exposed flocks were compared.
Results - Mean HDMR and EHH of the NEFM- exposed flocks was 36.9% less and 4.96% greater than the relevant BG, respectively. Mean HDMR and EHH of the non-NEFM-exposed flocks was 12.6% and 0.49% greater than the relevant BG, respectively. Compared with the 11 non-NEFM-exposed flocks, the NEFM-exposed flocks collectively had a 47.6% decrease in HDMR and 1.33% increase in EHH.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance - Results strongly suggest that application of NEFM in commercial egg-layer flocks improves production measures, which has important welfare implications as well as gross economic advantage.
Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1425-1429
(1. Institute of Feed Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
Abstract: 1,188 hatching eggs were put randomly in 6 incubator trays for incubation. Each tray was a trial replication. Samples were collected at Day 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 of incubation to determine albumen glucose content; weight, moisture, protein, fat content of embryo; weight, moisture, fat content of liver; and lipid, fatty acids content, weight of yolk sac. The results showed that liver fat content increased and embryo moisture, albumen glucose content, yolk sac weight decreased with hating days increasing. Embryo fat and protein content were changeable in incubation period, the former was the lowest at Day 12 of incubation, the latter was higher in Day 6, 12, 15 of incubation. Relative liver weight was positively correlated to liver moisture content throughout incubation, positively and negatively correlated respectively with yolk palmitic acid and oleic acid at Day 15 of incubation. Yolk stearic acid content was negatively correlated to linoleic acid at Day 6 and oleic acid at Day 12, but positively correlated to arachidonic acid at Day 6 and Day 15 of incubation.
Key words: embryo; liver; yolk; albumen; protein; glucose; fatty acid.
Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica (36/6):574-577.
1Poultry Science Department, 3College of Veterinary Medicine, and 4Experimental Statistics Unit, Mississippi State
University, Mississippi State 39762; and 2Poultry Science Department, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
Abstract: Previous research has shown that administering carbohydrates to late-term embryos increases chick
hatching weight and liver glycogen content and that supplementing broiler chicks from young hens at day of hatch
with subcutaneously injected hydrolyzed casein and thiamine enhances their early performance. It was hypothesized
that other practical and readily available gluconeogenic energy sources, including hydrolyzed casein, may similarly be given to hatchlings from immature breeder hens to increase the availability of liver glycogen reserves and augment growth. In addition to physiological saline (sham) and hydrolyzed casein treatments, 2 other treatments containing practical gluconeogenic energy sources (chicken egg crude albumin or albumin hydrolysate) were tested in the current study using hatchlings that were subsequently provided adequate brooding and nutrition. Added biotin was included in
the crude albumin treatment. There were no treatment effects on mortality, BW gain, feed or water consumption,
feed conversion, body temperature, hematocrit, plasma refractive index, relative liver weight, or liver glycogen
content at any of the ages or age intervals examined through d 16 posthatch. These results suggest that under
proper brooding conditions and timely feed provision, growth is not facilitated by injected casein hydrolysate,
chicken egg crude albumin, or chicken egg albumin hydrolysate during the early transition from fat to carbohydrate-
based nutrient uptake in posthatch chicks from young breeder hens.
Key words: breeder, brooding, chick, gluconeogenesis, growth
2006 Poultry Science 85:371–376
1Department of Poultry Science and 3Experimental Statistics Unit,
Mississippi State University, Mississippi State University, 39762; and 2Poultry Research Unit,
Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762
Abstract: Experimental inoculation of commercial laying hens, maintained under controlled conditions,
with the S6-strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (S6MG) at 10 wk of age has previously been shown to affect the
lengths and weights of various portions of the reproductive tract without affecting subsequent performance. Two
trials were conducted to compare the effects of S6MG inoculation at 10 wk of age (prior to lay), 22 wk of age
(onset of lay), and 45 wk of age (during lay) on performance characteristics in commercial layers housed and
maintained under controlled conditions, as in previous studies. In each trial, BW, mortality, egg production, egg
weight, eggshell weight per unit of surface area, percentage eggshell weight, percentage albumen weight, percentage
yolk weight, and yolk weight per albumen weight ratio were examined at various ages throughout an entire laying cycle. Across wk 47 and 58 (age periods after the last 45 wk inoculation), eggshell weight per unit of surface
area and percentage eggshell weight were significantly reduced in birds that had received an S6MG inoculation
at 45 wk of age when compared with birds that had not received an S6MG inoculation or had been inoculated
with S6MG at either 10 or 22 wk of age. Alterations in eggshell quality in response to S6MG may become evident
only in older birds that are experiencing declines in production when housed under controlled conditions.
Key words: albumen, egg, layer, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, performance
2005 Poultry Sci. 84:1663–1670
Last modified: April 4, 2006. Use of Various Ratios of Extruded Fullfat Soybean Meal and Dehulled Solvent Extracted Soybean Meal in Broiler Diets
A.M.H. Subuh1, M.A. Mot1, C.A. Fritts2 and P. W. Waldroup2
2Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
E-mail: waldroup@uark.edu
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Utilization of Spent Hen Meal in Diets for Laying Hens
C. A. Fritts, J. H. Kersey, and P. W. Waldroup
E-mail: waldroup@uark.edu
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Influence of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Balance in Broiler Diets
P. W. Waldroup, J. H. Kersey and C. A. Fritts
E-mail: waldroup@uark.edu
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Effect of Dietary Modifications Designed to Reduce Early Growth Rate on Live Performance and on Incidence and Severity of Ascites in Two Commercial Broiler Strains When Maintained Under Low Ventilation or Low Temperature Models
S. E. Madrigal, S.E. Watkins, N. B. Anthony, C. E. Wall, C. A. Fritts and P. W. Waldroup
E-mail: waldroup@uark.edu
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Utilization of Bio-Mos® Mannan Oligosaccharide and Bioplex® Copper in Broiler Diets
P. W. Waldroup, C. A. Fritts and Fenglan Yan
E-mail: waldroup@uark.edu
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2003
Evaluation of Bio-Mos® Mannan Oligosaccharide as a Replacement For Growth Promoting Antibiotics in Diets for Turkeys
C. A. Fritts and P. W. Waldroup
E-mail: waldroup@uark.edu
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2003
Comparison of Bio-Mos® and Antibiotic Feeding Programs in Broiler Diets Containing Copper Sulfate
P. W. Waldroup, Edgar O. Oviedo-Rondon and C. A. Fritts
E-mail: waldroup@uark.edu
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2003
Accuracy of Omnipro® II Estimations for Amino Acid Requirements of Broilers
E. O. Oviedo-Rondón, C. A. Fritts and P. W. Waldroup
E-mail: waldroup@uark.edu
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2002
Hen Mineral Nutrition Impacts Progeny Livability
W. S. Virden,1 J. B. Yeatman,1 S. J. Barber,1 C. D. Zumwalt,1 T. L. Ward,2 A. B. Johnson,2 and M. T. Kidd1
©2003 by Poultry Science Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
Arginine Needs of the Chick and Growing Broiler
A. Corzo and M.T. Kidd
E-mail: mkidd@poultry.msstate.edu
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2003
Initial Mapping of the Chicken Blood Plasma Proteome
A. Corzo1, M.T. Kidd1, G.T. Pharr2 and S.C. Burgess2
E-mail: acorzo@poultry.msstate.edu
© Asian Network for Scientific Information 2004
Broiler Chick Utilization of Threonine from Fermentation By-Product Broth
W. A. Dozier, III,1 E. T. Moran, Jr.,2 and M. T. Kidd3
©2003 by Poultry Science Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
Dietary Amino Acid and Sodium Bicarbonate Responses in Broilers Reared in Hot Environmental Temperatures
M. T. Kidd,1 S. J. Barber,1 C. D. Zumwalt,1 S. L. Branton,2 and D. Hoehler3
©2003 by Poultry Science Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
Threonine Responses of Cobb Male Finishing Broilers in Differing Environmental Conditions
M. T. Kidd,1 S. J. Barber,1 W. S. Virden,1 W. A. Dozier, III,2 D. W. Chamblee,3 and C. Wiernusz4
©2003 by Poultry Science Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
Lack of Interaction Between Dietary Threonine and Eimeria acervulina in Chicks
M. T. Kidd,1 L. M. Pote,2 and R. W. Keirs2
©2003 by Poultry Science Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
Effects of an S6 Strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Inoculation Before Beginning of Lay on the Leukocytic Characteristics of Commercial Layers
E. D. Peebles,A T. A. Parker,B S. L. Branton,C K. O. Willeford,B M. S. Jones,A P. D. Gerard,D G. T. Pharr,E and W. R. MaslinE
© Copyright by American Association of Avian Pathologists 2004
Relationships among Post-Hatch Physiological Parameters in Broiler Chicks Hatched from Young Breeder Hens and Subjected to Delayed Brooding Placement
E. David PeeblesA, Robert W. KeirsB, Lloyd W. BennettB, Timothy S. CummingsB, Sharon K. WhitmarshA and Patrick D. GerardC
Systematic Documentation of Embryonic Anomalies of Broilers and Their Increased Incidence in Mississippi
R. W. Keirs,* E. D. Peebles,† and P. D. Gerard‡
©2004 by Poultry Science Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
Relationships Among Prehatch and Posthatch Physiological Parameters in Early Nutrient
Restricted Broilers Hatched from Eggs Laid by Young Breeder Hens
E. D. Peebles,1 R. W. Keirs,2 L. W. Bennett,2 T. S. Cummings,2 S. K. Whitmarsh,1 and P. D. Gerard3
Semen Dilution Prior to Analysis Influences the Ability of the Sperm Quality Analyzer to Predict Fertility Whether Inseminating With a Constant Number of Sperm or a Constant Volume of Semen
H. M. Parker and C. D. McDaniel
Increasing Amino Acid Density Improves Live Performance and Carcass Yields of Commercial Broilers
M. T. Kidd,1 C. D. McDaniel,1 S. L. Branton,2 E. R. Miller,3 B. B. Boren,3 and B. I. Fancher3
Broiler Breeder Semen Quality as Affected by Trace Minerals In Vitro
S. J. Barber, H. M. Parker, and C. D. McDaniel
An Attempt at Alleviating Heat Stress Infertility in Male Broiler Breeder Chickens with Dietary Ascorbic Acid
C.D. McDaniel, J.E. Hood and H.M. Parker
The Effects of Dietary Acetylsalicylic Acid on Heat Stress Infertility of Broiler Breeder Males
C.D. McDaniel and H.M. Parker
The Optimum Semen Dilution for the Sperm Quality Index that is Most Predictive of Broiler Breeder Fertility
H.M. Parker and C.D. McDaniel
Breeder hen dietary L-carnitine affects progeny carcase traits
Kidd, M.T. 1; Mcdaniel, C.D. 1; Peebles, E.D. 1; Barber, S.J. 1; Corzo, A. 1; Branton, S.L. 2; Woodworth, J.C. 1
Impact of dietary amino acid concentration on growth, carcass yield, and uniformity of broilers
A. Corzo A , C , C. D. McDaniel A , M. T. Kidd A , E. R. Miller B , B. B. Boren B and B. I. Fancher B
B Aviagen North America, Albertville, AL 35950, USA.
C Corresponding author. Email: acorzo@poultry.msstate.eduEffects of fasting on serum lipids and lipoprotein profiles in the
egg-laying hen (Gallus domesticus)
E.D. Peeblesa, M. R. Burnhama, R.L. Walzemb, S.L. Brantonc, P.D. Gerardd
Assessment of the effects of electromagnetic
field modification on egg-laying hens
in commercial flocks as indicated
by production measures
Robert W Keirs, DVM; Edgar D. Peebles, PhD., Walter J. Sarjeant, PhD., Patrick D. Gerard, PhD; Jonathan A. Terner, JD
Chick Embryo, Liver, Yolk and Albumen Compositional Changes and Their RelationShips during Incubation
LI Lumul , David Peebles2
2. Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762,USA) Effects of Injected Gluconeogenic Supplementation on the Performance of Broilers from Young Breeders
E. D. Peebles,1 W. D. Berry,2 R. W. Keirs,3 L. W. Bennett,3 and P. D. Gerard4
© 2006 by the Poultry Science Association. All rights reserved.
Effects of S6-Strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum Inoculation at Ten, Twenty-Two, or Forty-Five Weeks of Age on the Performance Characteristics of Commercial Egg Laying Hens
E. Y. Basenko,1 E. D. Peebles,1 S. L. Branton,2 S. K. Whitmarsh,1 and P. D. Gerard3
© 2005 by the Poultry Science Association. All rights reserved.
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